英文閱讀中遇到生詞怎么辦?
瀏覽:927 來源:廣深家教信息網(wǎng) 日期:2009-10-03
英文閱讀中遇到生詞是常有的事,但不少同學(xué)一遇到生詞就緊張,在緊張的心理狀態(tài)下進(jìn)行閱讀活動(dòng),不但速度無從談起,理解也會(huì)大受影響。要正確對待閱讀中的生詞,同學(xué)們應(yīng)注意以下三點(diǎn):
一、擺正心態(tài),消除緊張
同學(xué)們首先要認(rèn)識到,閱讀中遇到生詞純屬正?,F(xiàn)象。我們學(xué)了十幾年的漢語且生活在漢語的環(huán)境中,在閱讀時(shí)也難免有時(shí)會(huì)遇到生字,但我們不是照樣能看懂所讀材料嗎?其實(shí),遇到生詞,只要我們冷靜思考、分析,有時(shí)完全可以猜出其含義或排除其對閱讀理解的解決,相反,只會(huì)增加解決問題的難度,基至?xí)苯釉斐砷喿x的中斷或終止。
二、養(yǎng)成猜詞習(xí)慣,盡量少翻詞典
為了培養(yǎng)閱讀能力,提高閱讀速度,同學(xué)們從一開始閱讀起,就應(yīng)注意養(yǎng)成猜詞的習(xí)慣,而不要一遇到生詞就翻閱詞典。因?yàn)椋挥叙B(yǎng)成猜詞的習(xí)慣并在實(shí)踐中不斷訓(xùn)練和摸索,才能使自己的猜詞能力得到提高。同時(shí),你的分析、理解能力也會(huì)在猜詞實(shí)踐中得到鍛煉和提高。
三、掌握猜詞技巧,培養(yǎng)猜詞能力
要想提高猜詞效率和準(zhǔn)確性,同學(xué)們除應(yīng)養(yǎng)成猜詞習(xí)慣外,還應(yīng)掌握一定的猜詞技巧,提高自己的猜詞能力。下面是幾種行之有效的猜測生詞詞義的方法:
一、語境理解法
即根據(jù)文章的語境情景進(jìn)行分析和推理,從而猜測出生詞的詞義。我們平時(shí)說“詞不離句”,講的就是對于詞語的正確理解依賴于一定的句子(包括上下文)情景。所以同學(xué)們在猜測生詞詞義時(shí),一定要認(rèn)真讀懂與生詞密切相關(guān)的前后句子,對生詞進(jìn)行合情合理同時(shí)又合乎上下文語境的推測。如:
●These college graduates are seen scouring job information in newspapers and journals, the Internet and job market nationwide.
根據(jù)上文問句的內(nèi)容可以斷定scouring的意思是“收集”,相當(dāng)于collecting.
●A suicide bomber came and there were many soldiers who were eating at a food stand and..., Ten were killed and more were wounded, soldiers were among the casualties.
根據(jù)上文A suicide bomber came and there were many soldiers可推知casualties 的意思應(yīng)該是“傷員”相當(dāng)于the wounded。
●The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent, and the player could never play the sport again.
根據(jù)and the player could never play the sport again可推知permanent的意思為“永遠(yuǎn)的,永久的”。
二、前后對比法
有時(shí)作者對文章中的生詞給出了一定的對比背景,并且這種背景通常以反義或?qū)φ盏姆绞匠霈F(xiàn)。表示這種對比的詞和短語主要有unlike, not, but, while, however, despite, in spite of, in spite of, in contrast to[with], compared with, used to, on the other hand等。如:
●In the small one the danger is of becoming a jack-of-all-trades, and master of none. In the large one it is of becoming the man who knows more and more about less and less.
從句中In the small one 及In the large one可知,這兩句為前后對比句,所以jack-of-all-trades是he man who knows more and more about less and less的反義。
●They were no longer passively waiting for the bell, but actively took part in the lesson.
句中but告訴我們passively waiting for the bell和后面詞組actively took part in the lesson是對比關(guān)系,由此可知waiting for the bell的意思是“expecting the end of the class”。
●...to turn him from a passive state of waiting to an active state of pursuing.
由From ...to...可知a passive state of waiting 和an active state of pursuing是對比關(guān)系, 所以它的意思是“追求,探索”。
三、因果推斷法
有時(shí)對生詞詞義的猜測需要結(jié)合上下文的因果關(guān)系來進(jìn)行推斷,既可以是根據(jù)原因推測結(jié)果,也可以是根據(jù)結(jié)果推測原因。英語中通常用于表示因果關(guān)系的詞語有because, as, since, for, so, thus, as a result, of course, therefore, so[such]...that等。如:
●There were so many people in the square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.
根據(jù)句中的so many people in the square,可知結(jié)果狀語從句中的elbow意為“擠,擠過”。
●A few months later, the doctor removed not only the tumor, but also the entire lower left side of Betty’s gum and jawbone. Because Betty was so young, Martin was hopeful that her jawbone might regenerate.
根據(jù)句中的Because Betty was so young,可推知regenerate的意思應(yīng)是“再生”。
四、基本構(gòu)詞法
即根據(jù)基本的構(gòu)詞法知識來推測生詞的詞義?;镜臉?gòu)詞法包括前綴、后綴、復(fù)合等,同學(xué)們?nèi)羝綍r(shí)積累了一定的構(gòu)詞法知識并在考試時(shí)充分運(yùn)用,效果有時(shí)是十分明顯的。如:
●Overeating may cause diseases.
前綴over-的意思是“過分的,過量的”,故overeating的意思應(yīng)為“暴食”。
●This kind of medicine is said to help people anti-age.
前綴anti-是“防止、反對”的意思。所以anti-age的意思是“防衰老”。
● The enemy caught many progressists during the ten years.
后綴-ist表示“從事某種職業(yè)的人, 與某事有關(guān)的人”,故為“進(jìn)步分子”。
●Bullfight is very popular in Spain.
根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法:bullfight=bull(公牛)+fight(打,搏斗)根據(jù)常識:斗牛是西班牙一種頗為流行的體育運(yùn)動(dòng),由此可知bullfight意為“斗?!薄?BR>五、同義解釋法
有時(shí)文章中盡管出現(xiàn)有生詞,但作者可能以某種方式對生詞進(jìn)行了解釋,如利用or,that is(to say),in other words,namely等釋義性詞語或短語進(jìn)行解釋,或利用破折號、同位語、同位語從句、定語從句等解釋。同學(xué)們?nèi)裟艹浞掷眠@種同義解釋的關(guān)系,便可輕易地猜測出生詞的詞義。如:
●William Shakespeare said, “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn, good and ill together.”
句中的good and ill together 是對mingled 的解釋,告訴我們mingled是“混合的”之意。
●If your premises(前提) are shaky, or if your arguments are not logical, professor per?螄sonally point out the false reasoning in your arguments.
句中的or及false reasoning告訴我們shaky是“錯(cuò)誤的,不合邏輯的”的意思。
●We are on the night shift—from midnight to 8 am—this week.
兩個(gè)破折號之間的短語清楚地表明night shift是“夜班”的意思。
另外,有時(shí)作者還可能用定義法這一直白的解釋方法來對生詞進(jìn)行解釋,此法通常涉及的動(dòng)詞有be, mean, deal with, be considered, refer to, be called, be known as等。如:
●Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.
只要讀懂句意,并結(jié)合生活常識,便可知annealing的意思是“退火”。
●Anthropology is the scientific study of man.
由定義可知,anthropology的意思是“研究人類的科學(xué)”,即“人類學(xué)”。
六、舉例說明法
有時(shí)作者盡管未對生詞進(jìn)行直接的解釋,但可能在生詞后舉出了一些相關(guān)的例子進(jìn)行說明,同學(xué)們?nèi)魧@些例子進(jìn)行適當(dāng)歸納,即使不能完全猜測出生詞的詞義,也能猜測出其大致意義。英語中表示舉例說明的方式通常有such as,such…as, like, for example, for instance等。如:
●I like drinks, such as tea and soda.
句中說像tea and soda之類的drinks,由此可知drinks的意思應(yīng)是“飲料”。
七、常識背景法
許多生詞的猜測要求同學(xué)們利用一定的生活常識和學(xué)科常識進(jìn)行推理、分析。如:
●Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to our health.
“吸煙有害健康”,這是眾人皆知的常識,由此可知detrimental的意思應(yīng)該是“有害的”。
●The snake crawled over the legs of him, making him very frightened.
根據(jù)有關(guān)蛇的生活習(xí)性的知識,我們可以推斷出 crawled的意思是“爬行”。
八、類屬分析法
有時(shí)文章中出現(xiàn)的生詞可能與其他熟悉的詞語同屬一個(gè)類別,此時(shí)可以利用這種類屬關(guān)系推測出生詞的大概詞義。如:
●Man has known something about the planets Venus,Mars and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.
句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均為生詞,但同學(xué)們只要知道planet(行星)便可猜出這幾個(gè)詞都屬于“行星”這一義域。
●The dromedary,like all other desert animals, can go for long periods of time without drinking water.
句中的like all other desert animals告訴我們dromedary指的是“一種沙漠里的動(dòng)物”,即“單峰駱駝”。