ing分詞
第一節(jié) -ING分詞的形式
-ING分詞是指由動詞原形＋-ING構(gòu)成的、具有完成時態(tài)和被動語態(tài)的一種非謂語動詞形式，具體形式如下
主動形式 被動形式
一般時 doing being done
完成時 having done having been done
就其語法功能而言，它可以作主語、表語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)語、狀語和定語。
第二節(jié) -ING分詞的用法
一、 作主語
1. 一般形式
1) the matriculation for postgraduate is probably the turning point of my life.
［A］ Taking the part of ［B］ Taking part in ［C］ To take the part of ［D］ To take the notice in
2) a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay begins to breathe.
［A］ As
［B］ To be
［C］ Is
［D］ Being
3) by transforming the blame to others is often called scapegoating.
［A］ Eliminate problems
［B］ The eliminated problems
［C］ Eliminating problems
［D］ Problems are eliminated
2. 有時可以用it做形式主語
It's waste of time arguing with the gossip about it.
It's interesting having traveled to Beidaihe this year.［說明：從這句中我們可以看出，這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常適用于名詞和形容詞。但不適用于像possible, important, essential, necessary等表示性質(zhì)的形容詞，這些詞后面一般要跟動詞不定式。我們不能說 It's quite necessary taking part in the negociation.應(yīng)改作It's quite necessary to take part in the negociation.］
It's glorious getting involved in working out the plan.
4) It is ［A］ possible determining that ［B］ French explorers reached the jucture of ［C］ the Kansas and Missouri rivers ［D］ in the seventeenth century.
二、作表語的-ING分詞
Seeing is believing.
His aims are learning two foreign languages and applying the theory he has learned to practice.
三、-ING分詞作定語
-ING分詞可以單獨(dú)作定語，也可以構(gòu)成合成詞作定語，但在更多情況下是分詞短語作定語，包括限定性和非限定性(用逗號與其他部分分開)，在意義上相當(dāng)于一個定語從句(包括限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句)
32) Jacob Lawrence executed many cycles of paintings significant social themes.
［A］ expressed ［B］ expressing ［C］ express ［D］ expression of
33) The name Nebraska comes from the Oto Indian word “nebrathka”， flat water.
［A］ to mean ［B］ meaning ［C］ it means ［D］ by meanig
34) The production of tin ore in the United States is relatively insignificant， less than one hundred tons annually.
［A］ amounting to ［B］ in the amount ［C］ amounts to it ［D］ to the amount of
四、-ING的完成時、被動語態(tài)與否定形式
1. 如果-ING分詞表示的是一般性動作，(即不指明是現(xiàn)在、過去或?qū)?不表示動作的先后或與謂語所表示的動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生，這時要用-ING的一般形式
35) Revolution means the productive forces.
［A］ to liberate ［B］ to have liberated ［C］ liberating ［D］ having been liberated
36) It is a simple matter ［A］ to have found ［B］ the density of a gas ［C］ from its formula ［D］ .
2. 但如果-ING分詞所表示的動作先于句子謂語發(fā)生，就要用“(not)having+-ED分詞”表示完成時
37) by the journey, he went to bed immediately after he came back home.
［A］ Being exhausted ［B］ To have exhausted ［C］ Having exhausted ［D］ Having been exhausted
38) with an accedent, he arrived at the station ten minutes late.
［A］ Having met ［B］ To have met ［C］ Meeting ［D］ Having been met
3. 當(dāng)非限定性動詞-ING的邏輯主語是-ING所表示的動作對象時要用-ING的被動形式，包括其一般形式“(not)being + -ED分詞和完成形式“(not)having been +-ED分詞”
39) Solids, liquids, and gases at rest all have a tendency to resist in motion.
［A］ setting
［B］ to set
［C］ being set
［D］ to be set
40) Upon questioning ［A］ he denied having killed ［B］ the old woman with ［C］ the home-made ［D］ gun.
4. -ING的否定形式是把not加在-ING的前邊
41) of the change in the meeting time, Mike arrived late.
［A］ Not having notified
［B］ Not notifying
［C］ Not to notify
［D］ Not having been notified
42) I regret hard at school.
［A］ not to have worked
［B］ not having worked
［C］ not have worked
［D］ having not worked
五、-ING分詞的邏輯主語
1. -ING分詞除了具有動詞的特點(diǎn)以外，它還有名詞的特點(diǎn)，即可以加物主代詞(如my,your,his等)和名詞的屬格(如Wang Qing's等)來表示其邏輯主語(這時-ING的邏輯主語和句子主語不一致)
43) I suggest on an excursion this Sunday.
［A］ we are going ［B］ to go ［C］ us going ［D］ our going
44) on a clear day, far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace.
［A］ If walking ［B］ While walking ［C］ Walking ［D］ When one is walking
45) Marta ［A］ being chosen ［B］ as the most outstanding ［C］ student on her campus made her parents ［D］ very happy.
2. 還有一種-ING分詞的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致的情況，這時直接可用“-ING分詞的主語＋-ING”來表示，這樣的-ING分詞短語可由介詞引導(dǎo)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)叫獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)
46) A new technique , the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.
［A］ to have been worked out ［B］ having worked out
［C］ working out ［D］ having been worked out
47) Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work , we declined the offer.
［A］ not being finished
［B］ not having finished
［C］ had not been finished
［D］ was not finished
3. 如果邏輯主語已和句子主語一致，那么其邏輯主語就可省略(在使用這種用法時要注意：-ING分詞所表示的動作[ZZ(]一定[ZZ)]是主語所發(fā)出的，也就是說-ING分詞的邏輯主語[ZZ(]一定[ZZ)]是主句的主語。試比較下列句子)
Getting into the room, I smelled a terrible smell.(getting 是 I 的動作)
Getting into the room, it give a terrible smell. (錯誤)
Walking through the forest, we found many strange animals. (walking 是 we 發(fā)出的)
Walking through the forest, a lot of animals are there. (錯誤)
Looking out of the window of our hotel room, we saw zigzag mountains. (Looking的使動者是we)
Looking out of the window of our hotel room, there were zigzag mountians.(錯誤)
48) Never attempting to be a literary stylist, in her novels.
［A］ she considered the plot the most important element
［B］ the most important element considered to be the plot
［C］ considering the plot the most important element
［D］ the plot was considered to be the most important element
49) with the new method, the material does not break up easily.
［A］ To have treated ［B］ Having treated ［C］ Being treated ［D］ Having been treated
50) Attempting to reach his home before the storm, .
［A］ the bicycle of John broke down
［B］ it happened that John’s bike broke down
［C］ the storm caught John
［D］ John had an accident on his bicycle
4. -ING分詞的主語可以與做主語的名詞或代詞(即代詞的主格)一致，放在-ING前邊，與
-ING分詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的“主謂”關(guān)系。但是，-ING分詞(還有-ED分詞)短語作狀語時，也可以有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯上的“主語”。這種結(jié)構(gòu)與主句不發(fā)生句法上的聯(lián)系，叫做獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。在很多情況下它都相當(dāng)于各種形式的狀語，表示一種伴隨的動作或情況
51) Weather , we’ll go sightseeing.
［A］ permitted
［B］ is permitted
［C］ permitting
［D］ is permitting
52) There are four factories in our institute, .
［A］ each to have over 100 workers
［B］ each having over 100 worders
［C］ which there are over 100 workers
［D］ with each that has over 100 workers
53) We went to ［A］ the World Park, Xiao Wang act ［B］ as guide for ［C］ he had been there several times ［D］.
六、習(xí)慣用法
1. There is no +-ING分詞，表示“不可能”
There is no getting along with him.(無法和他相處。)
2. It(There) is no use (good) +-ING分詞，表示“無用”= It is of no use (good) to +V：
There(It) is no use advising him to give up smoking.(勸他戒煙是徒勞的。)
3. be busy(worth)+-ING分詞 (忙于)
He is busy mapping out his plans for the next semester.
4. feel like+-ING分詞 (想)
I don’t feel like eating just now.(我現(xiàn)在不想吃。)
5. What do you say to+-ING分詞?(…怎么樣?)
What do you say to joining us for dinner?(和我們一起進(jìn)餐，你看怎么樣?)
6. spend+時間+(in)+-ING分詞
Jane spent several days (in) preparing for the final exams.(簡花了好幾天時間準(zhǔn)備期末考試。)7.
54) The student had ［A］ difficulty to write ［B］ a short paragraph ［C］ correctly ［D］ .
55) I imagine that ［A］ I could go to the theater again and have just as good a time ［B］ not try to ［C］ think of an opening sentence ［D］ .
七、例題解析
1) B為正確答案。
2) D為正確答案。
3) C為正確答案。
4) B錯。 改為to determine，關(guān)于動詞不定式與-ING分詞的區(qū)別請參見第七章“小結(jié)”。
5) D為正確答案。
6) B為正確答案。
7) A為正確答案。
8) B錯。改為using。
9) A錯。改為bringing。
10) C為正確答案。
11) B為正確答案。“start＋不定式”與“start＋-ING”有所不同，前者表示具體動作，后者表示一般性動作或狀態(tài)。
12) C錯。改為comparing。
13) B錯。改為her going。
14) C錯。改為to keeping。be committed to＋名詞或-ING分詞，意為“同意承擔(dān)，答應(yīng)(干某事或支持某事)。”
15) A錯。 改為your leaving。
16) B為正確答案。
17) A為正確答案。
18) C錯。改為to living。
19) C錯。 改為giving。
20) A為正確答案。
21) C為正確答案。
22) A為正確答案。
23) C錯。改成“growing”。本句中先后出現(xiàn)了兩個動詞，“grow”和“is”，這顯然不合語法。將“grow”變?yōu)椤癵rowing”后便構(gòu)成了-ING短語，修飾“trees”。［參見第六章］
24) B為正確答案。stealing表示正在進(jìn)行。
25) D錯。改為asking。
26) D為正確答案。
27) B為正確答案。
28) A錯。改成“Being a dancer”。
29) A為正確答案。
30) B為正確答案。
31) A為正確答案。
32) B為正確答案。本句空白處缺能起定語作用的詞，用來修飾前面的名詞paintings。
33) B為正確答案。本句空白后面的成分為-ING短語，相當(dāng)于“which means…”。C 表面上正確，但英語中沒有連接詞連接的兩個分句是不能成立的，但我們可以說“which means”，用“which”指代“Nebrathka”。但這樣就變成非限定性定語從句了。
34) A為正確答案。本句相當(dāng)于一個非限定性定語從句(which amounts to…)，amount(總計) -不及物動詞，故沒有-ED分詞。
35) C為正確答案。
36) B錯。 改為to find。
37) D為正確答案。
38) A為正確答案。
39) C為正確答案。
40) A錯。Upon being questioned。
41) D為正確答案。
42) B為正確答案。
43) D為正確答案。
44) D為正確答案。
45) A錯。改為Marta’s。
46) D為正確答案。
47) A為正確答案。
48) A為正確答案。
49) D為正確答案。
50) D為正確答案。
51) C為正確答案。
52) B為正確答案。
53) B錯。改為acting。
54) B錯。改為writing。
55) C錯。改為trying to。
